Most people who go through IVF fill out a form that asks what they'd like to do with any unused embryos, which might be left after a cycle succeeds and the family is complete. The choices are to thaw them without transfer, donate them to scientific research, donate them to someone else, or postpone a decision by keeping them frozen indefinitely.
I
agonized over that question. I even asked about options like choosing not to fertilize all retrieved eggs, if I happened to produce more eggs than expected (HA!). In fact, one thing that appealed to me about no-stim IVF was the ability to control the number of embryos created (one at a time, with emphasis on quality).
Meanwhile, doctors all but laughed out loud, emphasizing that I would be
lucky to end up with that "dilemma," that I'd more likely end up with no viable embryos at all. They were right about the odds, of course.
But I still think it was right to take the question seriously. While I liked the idea of donating any unused embryos to someone else who was struggling to conceive ... it was a BIG decision. Wouldn't I always feel some responsibility toward any child created from my genes and my actions? Well, yes. I would.
So I appreciate what people go through when they make this decision. I still think that embryo donation / adoption is a beautiful (if not always simple) option. And now, just maybe, I may be ready to take the next step toward the "possible recipient" side.
Types of Donation / Adoption
I'm no expert (so please point out and forgive any mistakes), but I'll try to explain what I've learned so far. This information is specific to the US. I'm not sure how much would apply in other countries.
First, some terminology. I think of "embryo adoption" as an umbrella term to describe this whole process. Legally, though, it's not really an adoption. It's considered to be more like a transfer of tissue, like sperm or egg donation.
"Embryo donation" and "embryo adoption" are sometimes used interchangeably, or used to describe two ends of the same process. On the other hand, "embryo donation" sometimes refers specifically to donations done through a clinic, while "embryo adoption" refers to those done through an agency or through individuals (who may know each other or meet on a website that matches them).
The arrangement may be anonymous, and it typically is when done through a clinic. It can also have some degree of openness, especially when done through individuals or an agency. The parties specify the type of contact they'll want to maintain.
As with traditional adoptions, agencies require home studies and take care of logistical and legal details. Recipients who don’t use an agency coordinate and pay for these things themselves.
Once a match is finalized, the recipients may ship the embryos to their own clinic or travel to the donors' clinic where the embryos are stored. Then a frozen embryo transfer (FET) is done, placing the embryos into the recipient woman's uterus.
Typically, anonymous arrangements through a clinic cost the least, and agencies cost the most. Costs vary quite a bit, though. They may include agency / legal fees, several months of the donors' costs for frozen storage, shipping / travel, and FET. Recipients do NOT pay anything for the actual embryos. For the whole process, I've seen estimates as low as $4,000 and as high as $17,000.
Benefits and Drawbacks
Frozen embryos that already exist get a chance at life. On the recipient side, the "adoptive" mother has the chance to be pregnant with the child. While she's not genetically the parent, she can make sure that the baby gets good prenatal care, and her body may influence the baby's epigenetics. They have that extra time to bond. Legal details are settled before birth.
However, there are far more people waiting to adopt than there are embryos available. (Most of the embryos in frozen storage belong to people who may not be done building their families, who don't intend to donate, or who aren't aware that donation is an option.) When recipients go through a clinic, a wait time of a year is typical. When individuals find each other, the wait time varies greatly; it may be much longer or much shorter.
When recipients don't use an agency, they need to coordinate details like shipping / travel and legal contracts themselves. It's doable; it just requires extra research and work on top of the normal steps required of fertility patients.
And like any fertility procedure, the FET has no guarantees. It may not result in a birth. It's possible that the embryos won't even survive thawing. Since the healthiest embryos are used first in IVF, the ones that remain are often not the most viable. After all, they come from other people who have used IVF to treat their fertility problems.
In cases where donor eggs and/or sperm were used, the information that's available about the donors may vary. Donors may be anonymous or known. They may have come from the most reputable sperm or egg banks, or not. They may have donated in other countries, where the screening requirements are different from those in the US.
Because of concerns about the embryos' origins, many clinics in the US decline to offer FETs with donated embryos. The recipients will likely need to travel farther to a new clinic.
My Thoughts
While the drawbacks are significant, so are the benefits. After looking closely at both, I'm still feeling drawn to take the next step and just see what happens.
My first fear was that finding a match would take an extra long time because I'm single. I also felt some resistance to being questioned on my "worthiness" as a mother. Of course, there will be questions galore (as there should be) if I choose to become a foster parent, which is another option.The resistance comes from years of fertility treatment, with its raised and then lost hopes, lost privacy, and need for a whole team of people to be involved in the most intimate matters. I'm just tired, you know?
But don't get me wrong—I think that questions are essential in adoption. If I were an embryo donor, I would have questions about the recipient(s), too! As a recipient, I would have questions I'd like to ask the donor(s). I would want it to be a dialog and a match that feels right for all involved.
As you can probably tell, I'd be happy with some degree of openness—whatever is comfortable for the donor family. I would also respect the preference of some donors to remain anonymous.
Looking through a website that matches donors with recipients, I was struck by the variety: hetero couples, lesbian couples, singles, secular, religious, very particular or very open about their recipients, wanting basically no contact, wanting to go on vacations together... I was also struck by the one thing they all shared: like me, they've ALL been through the infertility war.
I found myself relating to many of these people, even sincerely LIKING them. Fears of lost privacy gave way to excitement over what we might all gain.
I've always preferred to deal with people personally (for example, in college years, renting "in-law" apartments in private homes rather than in complexes, even if those situations were harder to find). So posting a profile on a website and responding to others' profiles feels like the natural choice.
I think I'm going to try it!